minhaj Eastern Builders

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  WHY ROAD CRACKS ARE DEVELOPED? There are several reasons why cracks developed in Roads •Traffic Loads •Environmental Factors •Subgrade Issues •Aging and Deterioration •Construction Defects •Natural Events 1.    Traffic Loads:   Constant heavy traffic, especially from large vehicles like trucks and buses, can exert significant pressure on the road surface. Over time, this can cause the road to develop cracks due to the repeated stress and strain. 2.  Environmental Factors: Changes in temperature and moisture levels can have a detrimental effect on the road surface. For example, during periods of extreme heat or cold, the expansion and contraction of the pavement can lead to cracks. Additionally, excessive rainfall or poor drainage can result in water seeping into the road layers and weakening the pavement structure. 3.  Subgrade Issues: The quality and stability of the underlying soil or subgrade can influence the durability of the road. If the subgrade is...

 INTRODUCTION TO THE SUBJECT DEFINITION OF ESTIMATING AND COSTING Estimating is the technique of calculating or Computing the various quantities and the expected Expenditure to be incurred on a particular work or project. In case the funds available are less than the estimated cost the work is done in part or by reducing it or specifications are altered, the following requirement are necessary for preparing an estimate. a ) Drawings like plan, elevation and sections of important points. b)Detailed specifications about workmanship & properties of materials etc. c)Standard schedule of rates of the current year. NEED FOR ESTIMATION AND COSTING 1.Estimate give an idea of the cost of the work and hence its feasibility can be determined i..e whether the project could betaken up with in the funds available or not. 2.Estimate gives an idea of time required for the completion of the work. 3.Estimate is required to invite the tenders and Quotations and to arrange contract. 4.Estimate is ...

  Traditional Materials Stones, bricks, cement, lime and timber are the traditional materials used for civil engineering constructions for several centuries. In this chapter types, properties, tests and uses of these materials is explained. 1.1 STONES Stone is a ‘naturally available building material’ which has been used from the early age of civilization. It is available in the form of rocks, which is cut to required size and shape and used as building block. It has been used to construct small residential buildings to large palaces and temples all over the world. Red Fort, Taj Mahal, Vidhan Sabha at Bangalore and several palaces of medieval age all over India are the famous stone buildings. 1.1.1 TYPE OF STONES Stones used for CIVIL ENGINEERING works may be classified in the following three ways: • GEOLOGICAL • PHYSICAL • CHEMICAL GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION  Based on their origin of formation stones are classified into three main groups—Igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic ro...

   12 MOST IMPORTANT STAGES IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF BUILDING PROJECTS The construction of a building involves several important stages that ensure the successful completion of the project. Each stage plays a crucial role in the overall process, and proper execution is essential to achieve a safe and structurally sound building. Here are the 12 most important stages of building construction in detail: 1.     Project Planning and Design: ·          This stage involves the initial conceptualization of the building, taking into account the purpose, scope, and requirements of the project. ·          Architects and engineers work together to create detailed drawings, floor plans, elevations, and 3D models to visualize the final structure. ·          Consideration is given to factors like building codes, zoning regulations, environmental impact, and su...